Kab rov tav Directional Drilling Tshuab (HDD Tshuab) yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv trenchless tsim los txhim kho cov kav dej hauv av, cov kav dej, thiab cov cables yam tsis tas yuav tsum tau qhib ib txwm qhib - txiav excavation. Tsis txhob khawb cov trenches ntev, lub HDD rigs xyaum txoj hauv kev tswj hauv av, tso cai rau cov khoom siv hauv qab txoj kev, dej ntws, kev tsheb ciav hlau, tshav dav hlau, vaj tse, thiab thaj chaw rhiab heev uas muaj kev cuam tshuam me me rau ib puag ncig ib puag ncig.
HDD thev naus laus zis tau hloov kho kev siv hluav taws xob hauv av los ntawm kev txo cov nqi kho dua tshiab, txo kev cuam tshuam kev tsheb, thiab txo lub sijhawm ua tiav qhov project. Nws tau dhau los ua txoj hauv kev nyiam tshaj plaws rau ntau yam kev tsim kho vaj tse, suav nrog:
Roj & Roj Pipelines
Kev Sib Txuas Dej
Cov kav dej phwj tuaj
Telecommunications Infrastructure
Txhim kho Fiber Optic Cable
Hluav taws xob xa hluav taws xob
Lub Nroog Utility Projects
Renewable Energy Infrastructure
Kab rov tav Directional Drilling (HDD) yog ib txoj kev tsim kho trenchless uas txhim kho cov kav dej hauv av los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev tswj xyuas hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw. Hloov chaw ntawm kev khawb qhov txuas txuas ntxiv, lub tshuab HDD xyaum hauv av los ntawm qhov chaw nkag mus rau qhov chaw tawm, tso cai rau cov kav dej hla hauv qab txoj kev, dej ntws, kev tsheb ciav hlau, tshav dav hlau, thiab cov tsev uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus.
Site Survey & Planning
Ua ntej drilling pib, engineers ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov chaw kom paub meej txog qhov kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov txheej txheem npaj muaj xws li:
Kev tshawb nrhiav Geological
Kev tshawb nrhiav chaw siv hluav taws xob
Av tsom xam
Nthuav txoj kev tsim
Kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig
Kev npaj kev nyab xeeb
Kev npaj kom raug txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim kho thiab ua kom tiav qhov project ua tiav.
Kauj ruam 1
Pilot Qhov Drilling
Lub qhov pilot yog thawj theem ntawm drilling.
Siv lub steerable laum me ntsis coj los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob mus txog qhovtwg, lub tshuab HDD xyaum ua raws li txoj kev hauv av tau npaj tseg.
Thaum lub sij hawm no:
Lub taub hau laum yog precisely steered.
Drilling kua ( av nkos ) txias me ntsis thiab thauj cov txiav.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua saib xyuas qhov tob, kaum sab xis, thiab kev taw qhia.
Qhov no pilot bore tsim txoj kev tseeb rau qhov kawg pipeline installation.
Kauj ruam 2
Qhov Loj Loj (Reaming)
Thaum tus tsav lub qhov mus txog qhov chaw tawm, ib tug reamer txuas nrog rau txoj hlua xyaum.
Lub tshuab ces rub lub reamer rov qab los ntawm lub qhov tsav, maj mam nthuav nws kom haum raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov yeeb nkab txoj kab uas hla.
Raws li qhov project loj, ob peb reaming passes yuav ua tau siv cov reamers loj dua.
Drilling kua txuas ntxiv mus:
Tshem tawm cov av txiav
Stabilize lub borehole
Txo kev sib txhuam
Tiv thaiv bore collapse
Kauj ruam 3
Pipeline Pullback
Tom qab lub borehole nce mus txog qhov yuav tsum tau txoj kab uas hla, lub prefabricated pipeline txuas mus rau lub reamer los ntawm ib tug swivel.
Lub tshuab HDD maj mam rub cov raj xa rov qab los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub qhov dej thaum tuav tswj kev rub tawm thiab kev sib tw.
Thaum lub sij hawm pullback theem:
Kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov yeeb nkab tsis tu ncua.
Drilling kua muab lubrication.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm tswj kev nrawm nrawm nrawm.
Thaum kawg installation zoo yog ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas.
Thaum lub raj xa mus txog qhov chaw nkag, kev teeb tsa tiav nrog kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus rau saum npoo.
Kauj ruam 4
Cov lus qhia hauv qab no sawv cev rau qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm Drillto HDD tshuab. Customized configurations kuj muaj los ua kom tau raws li qhov project tshwj xeeb.
| Yam khoom | Specification |
| Khoom npe | Kab rov tav Directional Drilling Tshuab |
| Tshuab Hom | Trenchless HDD Rig |
| Pullback Force | 15-1000 Tons (Customized Muaj) |
| Rotary Torque | 3,000–80,000 N·m |
| Max spindle ceev | 0-180 rpm |
| Push Force | Sib npaug rau Pullback Capacity |
| Drilling Diameter | Ø 50 - Ø 1800 mm |
| Maximum Drilling nrug | Txog li 3,000 m (nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv av) |
| Drill Rod Diameter | Customized |
| Drill Rod Length | 2–6 m |
| Mud Pump Flow Rate | Customized Raws li Tshuab Qauv |
| Mud Pump Siab | High Pressure Hydraulic System |
| Hydraulic System | Load-Sensing Hydraulic Control |
| Cav Hom | Cummins / Dongfeng Cummins / Yeem |
| Lub cav fais fab | 100–{1}} Hp |
| Tswj System | Hydraulic Pilot Control / PLC xaiv tau |
| Cabin Hom | Qhib lossis Fully Enclosed Cabin |
| Taug kev hom | Rubber Track / Steel Track |
| Ua haujlwm kub | -20℃rau +50 degree |
| Hwj chim Source | Diesel Cav |
| Tshuab hnyav | Raws li Model |
| Daim ntawv pov thawj | CE, ISO9001 (Tshwj xeeb kev lag luam ntawv pov thawj muaj) |
| OEM / ODM | Txhawb nqa |
Nco tseg: Specifications txawv nyob ntawm lub tshuab qauv. Customized configurations muaj nyob rau txawv drilling tej yam kev mob, geological ib puag ncig, thiab project yuav tsum tau.
Ib qho ua tiav Kab rov tav Directional Drilling system feem ntau muaj xws li:
HDD Drilling Rig
Hydraulic zog System
Drill Rods
Drill Bit
Reamers
Mud Mixing System
Mud Pump
Taug qab & Kev Taw Qhia System
Cov cuab yeej siv yeeb nkab
Tswj Console
Txhua yam ua haujlwm ua ke los xyuas kom meej qhov drilling, tshem tawm cov av zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kav dej.
Txhua lub tshuab Drillto HDD ua raws li txheej txheem tsim khoom:
Kauj Ruam 1 – Engineering Design
Cov kws tshaj lij engineers tsim cov qauv siv tshuab siv 3D tsim software siab tshaj plaws los txhim kho lub zog, ruaj khov, thiab kev ua haujlwm drilling.
Kauj Ruam 2 – Kev tshuaj xyuas raw khoom
Tsuas yog cov hlau tsim nyog, cov khoom siv hydraulic, cov cav, thiab cov khoom tseem ceeb los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom ntseeg tau raug lees txais rau hauv kev tsim khoom tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas nruj heev.
Kauj Ruam 3 - Precision Machining
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tau ua tiav siv cov cuab yeej CNC los xyuas kom meej qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab kev sib dhos zoo heev.
Kauj Ruam 4 - Vuam & Cov Qauv Sib Koom
Certified welders ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam raws li cov txheej txheem txheej txheem los lav lub zog thav duab thiab ntev - lub sij hawm durability.
Kauj Ruam 5 - Hydraulic & Hluav taws xob sib dhos
Cov kws tshaj lij txhim kho cov twj hydraulic, motors, li qub, hluav taws xob tshuab, thiab tswj cov khoom thaum ua ntau yam kev tshuaj xyuas.
Kauj Ruam 6 - Kev Ntsuas Tshuab
Ua ntej ua zaub mov xa tuaj, txhua lub tshuab HDD tau ua tiav kev sim, suav nrog:
Hydraulic Siab Test
Rotary Torque Test
Pullback Force Test
Cav Performance Test
Tswj System Inspection
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb
Ua kom tiav Tshuab sim ua haujlwm
Tsuas yog cov tshuab uas ua tiav tag nrho cov txheej txheem kuaj tau pom zoo rau kev xa khoom.
Strict Quality Control System
Kev tswj kom zoo yog muab tso rau hauv txhua theem ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Incoming Material Inspection (IQC)
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv hlau
Hydraulic Component Verification
Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cav Zoo
Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob
Hauv -Kev Tswj Xyuas Txheej Txheem Zoo (IPQC)
Machining raug soj ntsuam
Welding Quality Inspection
Sib dhos txheej txheem pov thawj
Hydraulic Leak Detection
Kev soj ntsuam zoo kawg (FQC)
Machine Performance Testing
Kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov
Kev soj ntsuam ua haujlwm
Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tshwm sim
Ntim Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj
Underground Utility Installation
Cov khoom siv zoo ib yam muaj xws li:
Cov kav dej kav dej
Dej Dej & Dej Dej Systems
Hluav Taws Xob Cables
Fiber Optic Networks
Telecommunication Conduits
Natural Gas Pipelines
Cheeb Tsam Cua Kub Pipelines
Roj & Roj Pipeline Kev Tsim Kho
Tej yaam num xws li:
Crude Roj Pipelines
Natural Gas Transmission Kab
Refined Product Pipelines
Petrochemical Facilities
LNG Infrastructure
Lub Nroog Infrastructure Projects
Cov ntawv thov hauv nroog muaj xws li:
Smart City Infrastructure
Nroog Utility Networks
Underground Cable Corridors
Cua daj cua dub
Dej Distribution Systems
Kev kho dej phwj tuaj
Telecommunication & Fiber Optic Installation
Cov ntawv thov ib txwm muaj xws li:
Txhim kho Fiber Optic Cable
Data Communication Networks
5G Base Chaw Txuas Txuas
Kev sib txuas lus hauv av
Ntev -Txoj Kev Sib Txuas Sib Txuas
Hluav taws xob xa hluav taws xob
Tej yaam num muaj xws li:
High-Voltage Fais Fab Cables
Kev Sib Txuas Txuas Hluav Taws Xob
Cua Farm Cable Installation
Solar Power Projects
Underground Distribution Networks
Dej, Txoj Kev Loj & Kev Hla Hla
Drillto HDD tshuab tuaj yeem ua tiav kev hla hauv qab:
Cov dej ntws
Pas dej
Cov kwj dej
Txoj kev loj
Kev tsheb ciav hlau
Tshav dav hlau Runways
Cov choj
Chaw nres nkoj
Cov Khoom Siv Muaj
Renewable Energy Projects
Cov ntawv thov suav nrog:
Cua Farm Cable Installation
Hnub ci fais fab Cable Networks
Hydropower Infrastructure
Hydrogen Pipeline Projects
Offshore Renewable Energy Connections
Muaj & Mining Applications
Tej yaam num xws li:
Mining Infrastructure
Muaj Chaw Ua Si
Cov nroj tsuag tshuaj
Hlau Manufacturing
Refineries
Factory Utility Networks
Environmental Protection Projects
HDD technology yog dav siv nyob rau hauv:
Wetland Crossings
Chaw Tiv Thaiv Hav Zoov
Nature Reserves
Ecological Restoration Projects
Kev txuag dej
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv HDD txoj cai yog ib qho tseem ceeb xws li xaiv lub tshuab drilling zoo. Tshaj li cov khoom lag luam zoo, cov neeg yuav khoom tshaj lij nrhiav cov chaw tsim khoom uas muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, txhim khu kev lag luam muaj peev xwm, ua pov thawj kev lag luam, thiab kev ua tiav tom qab- kev muag khoom.
25+ Xyoo ntawm Kev Tsim Kho HDD
Founded hauv 2000, Drillto tau mob siab rau nws txoj kev lag luam tshwj xeeb rau trenchless technology. Tsis zoo li cov tuam txhab tsim khoom siv dav dav, peb tsom tag nrho rau kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho, thiab tsim cov khoom siv Horizontal Directional Drilling.
Peb cov kev paub txog kev lag luam dav dav ua rau peb nkag siab txog cov kev sib tw uas cov neeg cog lus ntsib hauv ntau qhov chaw geological thiab kev tsim kho.
Ua kom tiav Ib -Stop HDD Solution
Ua kom tiav Ib -Stop HDD Solution
Drillto khoom siv ntau dua li cov tshuab drilling.
Peb muab cov kev daws teeb meem trenchless tiav, suav nrog:
Kab rov tav Directional Drilling Machine
HDD Drill Rods
Reamers
Mud Mixing Systems
HDD Drilling cuab yeej
Khoom seem
Kev cob qhia txuj ci
Kev taw qhia kev tsim kho
Kev Pabcuam Kev Ua Haujlwm
Peb ntseeg tias kev pabcuam cov neeg siv khoom txuas ntxiv ntev tom qab lub tshuab xa khoom.
Peb cov kws tshaj lij engineers muab:
Cov khoom siv Installation
Kev cob qhia neeg ua haujlwm
Kev taw qhia kev tsim kho
Video Technical Support
Khoom Muag Khoom
Lub Neej Kev Sib Tham
Qhov kev cog lus no ua kom cov neeg siv khoom ua tiav cov cuab yeej siv siab tshaj plaws thoob plaws lub tshuab ua haujlwm tag nrho.
Kev Tshawb Fawb & Kev Txhim Kho Muaj peev xwm
Drillto tam sim no muaj:
258 Independent Intellectual Property Patents
38 Invention Patents
114 Tsim HDD Tshuab Qauv
Peb pab neeg ua haujlwm paub txog kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv txhim kho tshuab kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo drilling, hydraulic systems, ntse tswj technologies, thiab cov txheej txheem durability kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no infrastructure tej yaam num.
Advanced Manufacturing Facilities
Drillto ua haujlwm ob lub chaw tsim khoom niaj hnub nyob hauv Wuxi thiab Shenzhen, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej tsim khoom siab tshaj thiab ntsuas, suav nrog:
CNC Machining Centers
Precision tshuab dhos
Tsis Siv Neeg Drill Rod Ntau Lawm Kab
Hydraulic Test Systems
Welding Inspection Khoom
Quality Control Laboratories
Peb cov tshuab tsim khoom ntse, suav nrog SOLIDWORKS, ERP, PDM, thiab MES, ua kom cov khoom tsim tau zoo thiab cov txheej txheem tsim tau zoo.
Txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg
Txhua lub tshuab Drillto HDD tau soj ntsuam nruj thiab kuaj ua ntej xa khoom kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov, ua haujlwm ntev, thiab kev nyab xeeb raws li xav tau kev ua haujlwm.
Los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw mus rau kev sib dhos zaum kawg thiab kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo, peb cov txheej txheem tswj kev ua tau zoo ua raws li cov qauv tsim khoom nruj kom xa cov khoom siv tau raws li peb cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem ntseeg tau.
Pab cov neeg siv khoom hauv ntau dua 41 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb
Txij li thaum nws tsim nyob rau hauv 2000, Drillto Trenchless Co., Ltd. tau ua tiav nws txoj kev lag luam mus rau ntau tshaj 41 lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam, muab kev txhim khu kev qha Kab rov tav Directional Drilling (HDD) Tshuab, laum rods, drilling cuab yeej, thiab ua tiav trenchless kev daws teeb meem rau cov neeg cog lus, distributors, utility tuam txhab uas muag, thiab EPC neeg cog lus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Nrog rau ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, Drillto nkag siab txog cov kev cai, ib puag ncig, thiab cov qauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov lag luam sib txawv. Peb cov kws tshaj lij export pab neeg muab kev txhawb nqa tag nrho thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom, suav nrog kev xaiv tshuab, kho kom haum, kev tshuaj xyuas zoo, kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb, kev taw qhia kev teeb tsa, kev cob qhia tus neeg teb xov tooj, thiab kev txhawb nqa lub neej.
Txawm hais tias koj tab tom yuav ib lub tshuab HDD lossis tsim kev sib koom ua lag luam ntev ntev, Drillto tau cog lus tias yuav xa cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha thiab cov kev pabcuam teb.
Q: Kab rov tav Directional Drilling (HDD) tshuab yog dab tsi?
A: Lub tshuab HDD yog cov khoom siv trenchless siv los txhim kho cov kav dej hauv av, cables, thiab cov kav dej tsis qhib - txiav kev khawb.
Q: Dab tsi yog cov tshuab HDD feem ntau siv rau?
A: Lawv tau dav siv rau kev siv dej, kav dej, kav dej, hluav taws xob cables, fiber ntau optic installation, roj kav dej, thiab kev tsim kho hauv nroog.
Q: Cov yeeb nkab loj npaum li cas tuaj yeem txhim kho HDD tshuab?
A: Nyob ntawm tus qauv tshuab, HDD rigs tuaj yeem nruab cov kav dej xws li cov kav dej sib txuas lus me me mus rau qhov loj - cov kav xa hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 1,200 mm.
Q: Ntev npaum li cas ntawm HDD tshuab laum?
A: Drilling nrug nyob ntawm lub tshuab muaj peev xwm, av tej yam kev mob, thiab cov yeeb nkab loj. Loj HDD rigs tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ntev ntawm ob peb mais.
Q: Cov av zoo li cas rau HDD?
A: Drillto tshuab yog tsim los rau:
Av nplaum
Xuab zeb
Pob zeb
Cov av sib xyaw
Cobble
Limestone
Hard Rock (nrog cov cuab yeej tsim nyog)
Q: Kuv yuav xaiv lub tshuab HDD li cas?
A: Kev xaiv tshuab nyob ntawm:
Txoj kab uas hla
Ntev ntev
Hauv av tej yam kev mob
Yuav tsum muaj zog rub rov qab
Qhov project pob nyiaj siv
Peb cov engineers tuaj yeem pom zoo rau tus qauv tsim nyog tshaj plaws.
Q: Lub tshuab puas tuaj yeem kho tau?
A: Yog. Peb muab cov kev pabcuam OEM thiab ODM, suav nrog cov hom cav, tswj cov tshuab, cabins, hydraulic configuration, thiab tshwj xeeb qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Q: Koj puas muab cov pas nrig thiab cov khoom siv?
A: Yog. Peb muab tag nrho HDD pob khoom suav nrog cov laum rods, reamers, av nkos twj, av nkos systems, swivels, rub lub taub hau, thiab cov khoom seem.
Q: Muaj pes tsawg xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom Drillto muaj?
A: Peb tau tshwj xeeb hauv HDD cov cuab yeej tsim khoom txij li xyoo 2000, nrog ntau tshaj 25 xyoo ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam.
Q: Cov khoom zoo li cas tswj tau?
A: Txhua lub tshuab ua tiav kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv raw, precision machining, kev tshuaj xyuas kev sib dhos, kev sim hydraulic, kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas zaum kawg ua ntej xa khoom.
Q: Lub teb chaws twg koj xa mus rau?
A: Peb cov khoom tau raug xa tawm mus rau ntau tshaj 41 lub teb chaws thoob plaws Asia, Middle East, Europe, Africa, thiab South America.
Q: Koj qhov kev txiav txim yam tsawg kawg nkaus (MOQ) yog dab tsi?
A: Feem ntau, ib chav tsev raug lees txais rau kev txiav txim mus sib hais.
Q: Koj lub sijhawm ua khoom lag luam yog dab tsi?
A: Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm txawv nyob ntawm lub tshuab qauv thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev hloov kho. Thov hu rau peb pab neeg muag khoom rau lub sijhawm kawg.
Q: Kuv tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas koj lub Hoobkas?
A: Yog. Peb sov siab txais tos cov neeg siv khoom tuaj xyuas peb cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Wuxi lossis Shenzhen los tshuaj xyuas peb cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab khoom siv.
Q: Koj puas muab lub Hoobkas kuaj ua ntej xa khoom?
A: Yog. Txhua lub tshuab raug kuaj thiab tshuaj xyuas ua ntej xa khoom. Cov neeg siv khoom zoo siab tos txais los ua pov thawj lub Hoobkas lees paub (FAT).
Q: Koj puas muab kev cob qhia neeg ua haujlwm?
A: Yog. Peb muab kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm, kev cob qhia kev tsim kho, thiab kev qhia kev saib xyuas rau txhua tus neeg siv khoom.
Q: Cov engineers puas tuaj yeem muab kev pabcuam txawv tebchaw?
A: Yog. Peb cov engineers tuaj yeem muab kev teeb tsa txawv teb chaws, commissioning, thiab kev txhawb nqa thaum xav tau.
Q: Yuav ua li cas yog tias kev mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb raug txwv?
A: Peb muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev ua haujlwm, cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia, kev daws teeb meem hauv thaj chaw deb, thiab tiag tiag -lub sijhawm online technical support.
Q: Lub warranty ntev npaum li cas?
A: Cov ntsiab lus Warranty sib txawv raws li cov qauv khoom. Thov hu rau peb kom paub meej cov ntaub ntawv warranty.
Q: Koj puas tuaj yeem pab npaj qhov project?
A: Yog lawm. Peb cov kws tshaj lij engineering pab neeg tuaj yeem pom zoo kom tsim cov qauv siv tshuab, cov cuab yeej drilling, thiab kev tsim kho kev daws teeb meem raws li koj qhov project xav tau.
Q: Vim li cas kuv thiaj yuav tsum xaiv Drillto?
A: Vim Drillto muaj:
25+ Xyoo ntawm Kev Tsim Kho HDD
258+ Patents
Ua kom tiav ib qho -Stop HDD Solutions
Cov khoom xa tawm mus rau 41+ Lub Tebchaws
Advanced Manufacturing Facilities
Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
Competitive Hoobkas nqi
Kev Pabcuam Lub Neej
Drillto Trenchless Co., Ltd yog qhov zoo-paub tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kab rov tav directional drilling tshuab tuam ntxhab thiab cov muag khoom hauv Suav teb. Thov so assured mus yuav high-qib kab rov tav directional drilling tshuab ua nyob rau hauv Suav teb nov los ntawm peb lub hoobkas. Tag nrho cov kev cai tsim khoom yog nrog cov khoom zoo thiab cov nqi sib tw.
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